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Site fixing of sandstone cladding: The rear face of the stone has been cut out with an angle grinder with no proper depth control. The stone has then been broken with a bolster and mallet leading to the possibility of overcutting and or micro-cracking of the stone. The slot extends virtually to the middle of the panel. |
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Restraint cramp fixed to block inner leaf using an expansion bolt fitted into a mortar joint. A better fixing would have been made into the body of the blockwork. |
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Plastic shims used to correct errors in alignment: note poor fixing to top cramp and poorly installed cavity tray below. |
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Expanding bolt fitted too close to edge of block causing spalling and fixing failure. |
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Beware of explosive (shot fixed) pins into structural steel: here the head of the pin has sheared off giving only minimal restraint to the fixing cramp. |
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Building clad in Italian Carrara marble – 32mm panels have begun an irreversible bowing and a temporary wire mesh restraint has been installed as a safety measure. |
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Remains of a fixing dowel; the stone panel has distorted and fallen away. |
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One of the panels has bowed to the extent that its fixings have ruptured and the panel has cracked. |
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Severely distorted thin marble panels fixed to a plant room. |
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Splitting of a stone panel due to corrosion of a ferrous edge bead. |
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White, Macael marble veneer applied to a building in Madrid. Corrosion of an edge bead to the precast panel has forced the corner section of marble off. The larger missing section would have weighed 750g. |
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The effects of fluid migration into granite cladding: note dust and dirt to horizontal joint and staining to sides of vertical joint. |
